tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7697233463104425392024-03-14T22:48:33.796+05:30All Science Fair Projects for School StudentsLatest Easy Science Fair Projects and Science Experiments for High School Students and Kids,winning science exhibition expo ideas, Science Models Ideas, easy high school science fair projects, science fair projects experiments, physics science fair projects, investigatory chemistry science fair projects, science projects, science fair projects for1st,2nd,3rd,4th,5th,6th,7th grade, elementary science fair projects, science fair project ideas for kids in kindergarten.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger111125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-66906155554522412502013-11-28T13:35:00.000+05:302013-11-28T13:35:08.391+05:30Kids Projects at Home<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><font size="4">Simple Kids Crafts is a video blog dedicated to reviving the old art of handicrafts for people of all ages.</font></b><br><p></p>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/how-do-oil-spills-affect-aquatic-plants.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How do oil spills affect aquatic plants?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/miniature-solar-panel.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">A Miniature Solar Panel</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/fire-water-balloon.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Fire Water Balloon</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-clouds-in-bottle.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make Clouds in a Bottle</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/secret-messages.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Secret Messages</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-rocket.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Rocket</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-hovercraft.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Hovercraft</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-anemometer.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make an Anemometer</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-sundial.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Sundial</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-radio.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Radio</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-electroscope.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make an Electroscope</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-stethoscope.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Stethoscope</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-telescope.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Telescope</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-periscope.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Periscope</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/make-camera.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make a Camera</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/bending-stream-of-water-with-comb.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Bending a stream of water with a comb</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/lighting-bulb-without-electricity.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Lighting a bulb without electricity</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/simple-motor.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Simple Motor</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/cotton-ball-rocks.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Cotton Ball Rocks?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/salt-absorbing-art-and-science.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Salt-Absorbing Art and Science</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/color-changing-glue-art.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Color Changing Glue Art</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/baking-soda-clay.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Baking Soda Clay</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/oil-sun-catcher.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Oil Sun Catcher</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/grow-pineapple-plant.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Grow a Pineapple Plant!</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/bead-bowls.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Bead Bowls</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/wow-what-air-gun.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wow, what an Air-Gun</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/funny-diver.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Funny Diver !</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/water-boils-without-fire.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Water boils without fire</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/ice-with-boiling-water.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Ice with Boiling Water</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/water-that-boils-instantly.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Water that boils instantly</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/water-boils-in-paper-pot.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Water boils in a Paper Pot</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/soap-driven-boat.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Soap-driven Boat</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/pulse-moves-pin.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Pulse Moves Pin </font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/pretty-gardenwithout-plants.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Pretty Garden—without Plants </font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/picture-made-by-fire.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Picture made by Fire</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/magic-pictures.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Magic Pictures </font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/dancing-doll.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Dancing Doll </font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/smoke-goes-down.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Smoke Goes Down </font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/dancing-couple.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Dancing Coupl</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/umbrella-dance.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Umbrella Dance</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/magic-butterfly.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Magic Butterfly</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/colorful-convection-currents.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Colorful Convection Currents</font></a><br>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-36556149103297992872013-11-28T13:31:00.001+05:302013-11-28T13:31:58.118+05:30Chemistry Investigatory Projects for Class 12 CBSE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><font size="4">Below is the List of Awesome Chemistry Projects for your Science Fair and Exhibition</font></b><br><p></p>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/09/analysis-of-honey.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Analysis of Honey</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-metronome-of-chemical-reaction.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Metronome of a Chemical Reaction</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-magic-of-metal-corrosion.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Magic of Metal Corrosion</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/agent-sodium-chloride-strikes-again.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Agent Sodium Chloride Strikes Again</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/steel-and-acid-rain.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Steel and Acid Rain</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/how-to-increase-speed-of-reaction.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How to Increase the Speed of a Reaction</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/boiling-point.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Boiling Point</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/fire-burning.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Fire Burning</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/wet-heat.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wet Heat</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/desalinate-sea-water.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Desalinate Sea Water</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/how-does-caffeine-influence-soybean.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How does caffeine influence soybean plant growth?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/cotton-ball-rocks.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Cotton Ball Rocks?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/salt-absorbing-art-and-science.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Salt-Absorbing Art and Science</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/color-changing-glue-art.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Color Changing Glue Art</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/baking-soda-clay.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Baking Soda Clay</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/oil-sun-catcher.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Oil Sun Catcher</font></a><br>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-57071565035008023742013-11-28T13:15:00.000+05:302013-11-28T13:17:30.880+05:30Physics Projects for Class 12<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><font size="4">List of Physics Class Projects |Cool Physics Projects,Science Fair Projects for Elementary School Students for class 5th Grade,6th,7th,8th,9th 10th,11th, 12th</font></b><br><p></p>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/wireless-devices-and-plant-growth.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wireless Devices and Plant Growth Project</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/a-dying-star.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">A Dying Star</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-mathematics-of-sympathetic.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Mathematics of Sympathetic Vibrations</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/metals-thermal-conductivity-to-melt-ice.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Metal's Thermal Conductivity to Melt Ice Cubes: Physics Project</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/rubens-tube.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Ruben's Tube</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/seeing-through-haze.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Seeing Through the Haze</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-magic-of-metal-corrosion.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Magic of Metal Corrosion</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/agent-sodium-chloride-strikes-again.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Agent Sodium Chloride Strikes Again</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/steel-and-acid-rain.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Steel and Acid Rain</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/how-to-increase-speed-of-reaction.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How to Increase the Speed of a Reaction</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/boiling-point.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Boiling Point</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/fire-burning.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Fire Burning</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/wet-heat.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wet Heat</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/make-your-own-electric-motor.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make Your Own Electric Motor</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/how-to-make-vinegar-volcano-science.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How To Make A Vinegar Volcano</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/03/cell-phone-jammer.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Cell Phone Jamme</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/rheostat.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">A Rheostat</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/how-do-atoms-and-molecules-arrange.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How do atoms and molecules arrange themselves in minerals?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/human-machine.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Human Machine</font></a><br>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-40721928675860205442013-11-28T13:05:00.001+05:302013-11-28T13:08:06.118+05:30Top 50 Science Fair Projects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><font size="4">Below List provides Top 50 science fair projects, kids science projects & experiments, & science articles for School Students and Kids for Science Fair Competitions. Free Sample Projects.</font></b><br><p></p>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/wireless-devices-and-plant-growth.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wireless Devices and Plant Growth Project</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/a-dying-star.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">A Dying Star</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-mathematics-of-sympathetic.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Mathematics of Sympathetic Vibrations</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/metals-thermal-conductivity-to-melt-ice.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Metal's Thermal Conductivity to Melt Ice Cubes: Physics Project</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/rubens-tube.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Ruben's Tube</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/seeing-through-haze.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Seeing Through the Haze</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/chill-out.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Chill Out</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-cd-balloon-hovercraft.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The CD Balloon Hovercraft Project</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/lick-your-wounds-away.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Lick Your Wounds Away</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-metronome-of-chemical-reaction.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Metronome of a Chemical Reaction</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-magic-of-metal-corrosion.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Magic of Metal Corrosion</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/agent-sodium-chloride-strikes-again.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Agent Sodium Chloride Strikes Again</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/steel-and-acid-rain.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Steel and Acid Rain</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/how-to-increase-speed-of-reaction.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How to Increase the Speed of a Reaction</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/boiling-point.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Boiling Point</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/fire-burning.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Fire Burning</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/wet-heat.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wet Heat</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/design-analysis-and-optimization-of.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Design, Analysis and Optimization of Solid Fuel Rocket Engines</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/rocketology.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Rocketology</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-green-machine.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Green Machine</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/what-drag.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">What A Drag!</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/unleash-power-of-pinwheel.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Unleash the Power of the Pinwheel</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/factors-that-affect-hovercrafts-speed.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Factors That Affect a Hovercraft's Speed</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/swimming-can-be-drag.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Swimming Can Be a Drag</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/which-wind-turbine-blade-design-will.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Which Wind Turbine Blade Design Will Produce the Most Power?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/wind-energy-and-better-blade.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Wind Energy and a Better Blade</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/aerodynamics-of-golf-ball.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Aerodynamics of a Golf Ball</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-egg-and-bottle.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Egg and the Bottle</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/grow-gummy-bear.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Grow a Gummy Bear</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/how-to-make-wind-vane.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How to Make a Wind Vane</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/make-your-own-electric-motor.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Make Your Own Electric Motor</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/11/how-to-make-vinegar-volcano-science.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How To Make A Vinegar Volcano</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/03/cell-phone-jammer.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Cell Phone Jamme</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/flying-tea-bag-rocket.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Flying Tea Bag Rocket</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/stalactites.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Stalactites</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/seismology-recorder.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Seismology "Recorder"</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/rheostat.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">A Rheostat</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/how-do-atoms-and-molecules-arrange.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How do atoms and molecules arrange themselves in minerals?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/human-machine.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Human Machine</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/crystal-gardens.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Crystal Gardens</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/potato-battery.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Potato Battery</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/create-smoke-rings.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Create some rings of Smoke</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/magnetic-circles.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Magnetic circles</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/blind-spot-in-eyes.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Blind Spot in Eyes</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/fooling-your-brain-with-mirror.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Fooling Your Brain with a Mirror</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/balloon-controlled-roller.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Balloon Controlled Roller</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/snoring-test.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Snoring Test</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/swirl-milk-in-bottle-without-touching.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Swirl milk in a bottle without touching it</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/desalinate-sea-water.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Desalinate Sea Water</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/how-does-caffeine-influence-soybean.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">How does caffeine influence soybean plant growth?</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/will-balloon-racer-go-farther-with-or.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Will the balloon racer go farther with or without weight?</font></a><br>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-81356753170811842412013-11-28T12:41:00.002+05:302013-11-28T12:56:28.903+05:30Earth Science Projects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<b><font size="4">Use the below given Earth science experiments to help students age 10 and up learn the history and workings of the Earth system</font></b><br><p></p>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/bam-strength-of-rocks.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Bam The Strength of Rocks</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/landslides.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Landslides</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-fingerprints-of-erosion.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Fingerprints of Erosion</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-greenhouse-effect.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Greenhouse Effect</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/seeing-through-haze_31.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Seeing Through the Haze</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-magic-of-metal-corrosion.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">The Magic of Metal Corrosion</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/agent-sodium-chloride-strikes-again.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Agent Sodium Chloride Strikes Again</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2013/07/steel-and-acid-rain.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Steel and Acid Rain</font></a><br>
<a href="http://all-science-fair-projects.blogspot.com/2012/02/seismology-recorder.html"><font color="#993300" size="4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Seismology Recorder</font></a><br>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-72985043974671787282013-09-24T20:58:00.001+05:302013-09-24T20:58:18.186+05:30Analysis of Honey<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Aim</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Aim is to analyze the available honey for presence of different minerals and carbohydrates . Honey, thick, sweet, super saturated sugar solution manufactured by bees to feed their larvae and for the subsistence during winter. Bee honey is composed of fructose, glucose and water, in varying proportions. It also contains several enzymes and oils. The color & flavor depends on the age of the honey and the sources of the nectar .It colored honeys are usually of higher quality than dark coloured honeys. Other high grade honeys are made by bees from orange blossoms, clover and Alfalfa. A well known, poorer grade honey is produced from buckwheat. Honey has a fuel value of about 3307 cal/kg [1520 cal/ lbs]. It readily picks up moisture from the air and is consequently used as a moistioning agent for Tobaco and in baking. Glucose crystallizes out of honey on standing at room temperature, leaving on uncrystallized layer of dissolved fructose. Honey to be marketed is usually heated by a special process to about 66oC [150.01 F] to dissolve the crystals and is sealed to prevent crystallization. The fructose in crystallized honey ferments readily at about 160C.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Apparatus: </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Test tubes, Test tube stand, Burner, Water Bath.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Chemicals:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Fehling solution A, Fehling solution B, Ammonium chloride solution, Ammonium oxalate solution, Ammonium phosphate, Conc. Nitric acid, Potassium sulphocyanide solution . </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Procedure</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Test for Potassium:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and picric acid solution is added. Yellow precipitate indicates the presence of K+.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>2. Test for Calcium:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and NH4Cl solution and NH4OH solution are added to it. The solution is filtered and to the filtrate 2ml of ammonium oxalate solution is added. White ppt. or milkiness indicates the presence of Ca2+ ions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>3. Test for Magnesium:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2 ml of honey is taken in a test tube and NH4Cl solution is added to it and then excess of Ammonium phospate solution is added. The side of the testtube is scratched with a glass rod. White precipitate indicates the presence of Mg2+ ions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>4. Test for Iron:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and a drop of conc. HNO3 is added and it is heated. It is cooled and 2-3 drops of Potassium sulphocyanide solution is added to it. Blood red colour shows the presence of iron.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Fehling`s test :</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2mL of honey is taken in a test tube and 1mL each of Fehling`s solution A and Fehling`s solution B are added to it and boiled. Red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>2. Tollen`s test:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2-3 mL of aqueous solution of honey is taken in a test tube. 2-3mL of Tollen`s reagent is added. The test tube is kept in a boiling water bath for about ten minutes. A shining silver mirror indicates the presence of reducing carbohydrates. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Observation Table</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 53.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>SL.
NO</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>TESTS</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>OBSERVATION</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>INFERENCE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 62.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 62.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 62.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Test for
Potassium:-</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey
+ Picric acid solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 62.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Yellow
ppt.is observed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 62.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Potassium is present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Test for
Calcium:-</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl soln. +
NH<sub>4</sub>OH soln. filtered + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">White
ppt.or milkiness is not observed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Calcium
is absent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 106.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 106.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 106.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Test for
Magnesium:-</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey+
NH<sub>4</sub>OH (till solution becomes alkaline) + (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Po<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 106.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">White
ppt.is not observed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 106.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Magnesium
is absent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 98.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Test for
Iron:-</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey+ conc.HNO<b><sub>3</sub></b>,
heated and cooled, + potassium sulphocyanide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Blood
red colour is observed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Iron is present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 80.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Fehling`s
test:-</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey
+ 1mL each of Fehling`s solution A and Fehling`s solution B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Red
ppt. is observed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 80.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Reducing sugar is present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.9pt;" width="223">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Tollen’s
test:-</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honey
+ 2-3mL Tollen`s reagent, test tube in water bath for 10 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Shining
silver mirror is observed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Reducing
carbohydrate is present<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Conclusion</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Potassium is present.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Iron is present.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Calcium is absent.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Magnesium is absent.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Honey contains reducing sugar.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-18943031954030484022013-07-31T23:17:00.001+05:302013-07-31T23:17:26.000+05:30Bam! The Strength of Rocks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I chose to study rock fracture because the San Francisco Bay Area is a major earthquake center. An experiment on the strength of rocks would help us understand earthquakes and understand ways of building structures to withstand them. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I tested the fracture strength of four rock types: granite, soft granite, marble and slate, to investigate the question, "What type of rock can withstand the most pressure before fracturing?" </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My hypothesis was that granite would withstand the most pressure without breaking. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The strength of a rock is the amount of pressure it can withstand without breaking. There are three kinds of forces in breaking of materials: tension (pulling apart), compression (pushing together) and shear (sliding apart). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When a bar of material is pushed down, the bending causes compression on the top and tension on the bottom. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One standard measure of strength of a material, independent of the size of the sample, is the "modulus of rupture."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It indicates the strength of the rock when a bar of rock is pushed down until it breaks in half, based on the dimensions of the rock and the force required to break it. I weighed and measured each of 24 rock samples, 6 each of granite, soft granite, slate and marble.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I broke rock samples, each about 30cm long, 2.5cm wide and 2.5cm deep, on a frame made of steel pipes resting on a scale, by having a person gradually increase the weight on the rock until it fractured. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I recorded the breaking weight then corrected for the dimensions of the rock to calculate the modulus of rupture. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The results show that slate was by far the strongest of the four rock types. The data shows that slate is most definitely the strongest material of the four, and that the marble is on average the weakest. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The fracture weights of the slate and soft granite are spread out on the graph up and down, indicating a wide range of strengths, as opposed to the marble and granite showing consistent strength. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My project compared the breaking strengths of different kinds of rocks. The data shows that slate was drastically stronger than the other types of rock. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On average it is more than five times stronger than marble, the weakest on average. Our hypothesis was that granite would be the strongest and it is strong - more than twice as strong as marble - but it is much weaker than slate. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Two types of rock, the marble and the granite, showed little variation in strength within the rock type. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However, the slate and the soft granite, showed more variation in strength. One possible reason for the variation in the slate strength is weak points in along the bedding planes in the rock.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-80456450310559708982013-07-31T23:15:00.001+05:302013-07-31T23:15:34.543+05:30Landslides<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The objective of my experiment was to determine which type of soil (sand, clay or sandy clay mixture) takes the least amount of water to landslide. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I believe that sand would take the least amount of water to become unstable because it is has less strength than clay or clayey soils. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Materials: </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Stream table, sprinkling can, graduated cylinder, tare pan, water, soil, paper towels, scale, 30/60/90 triangle </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>Method: </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Measure 1360.8 grams (3.0 lbs) of soil being studied </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2 Add the measured soil to the 74-1/2 inch stream table. Add the soil to the middle third of the stream table (between 24 and 48 inches) </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Tilt the stream table to an angle of 30 degrees from horizontal </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Add water from a sprinkling can, 200ml at a time, at a constant rate, until the soil mass moves. Record amount of water added. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Wipe the stream table dry and repeat steps 1-4 two more times. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Repeat steps 1-5 with different soil. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My results show that the sand took 1st place at an average of 600 ml of water to become unstable (landslide). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Next was the mixture of sand and clay in 2nd place, averaging 1,000 ml to become unstable. And in last place was the clay. It took an average of 11,133 ml to become unstable.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The results of my experiment confirmed that sand takes the least amount of water to cause a landslide. This outcome agrees with my hypothesis.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The clay adds strength to the soil so the more clay that was in the soil, the more water it took to move it. This is because the clay does not absorb water as much as sand does.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I was surprised at how much more water was needed to make the clay move.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The sandy clay sample required about 40% more water than the sand to slide. However the clay sample with no sand required over 10 times more water to move than the clay sample containing sand!</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-28628948601545267092013-07-31T23:12:00.002+05:302013-07-31T23:12:50.315+05:30The Fingerprints of Erosion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The point of this project was to see if the style of jetty on barrier islands affected the amount of erosion on the beach.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I modeled my project after barrier island, Plum Island, for this island tends to have heavy erosion problems. Lately, the island has become so thin it is threatening to wash over.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I care about the erosion on Plum Island because I have a house there that is also threatened. I wanted to find out if the jetty had any part in how much erosion occurred. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I used an apparatus to test my question. I used wood for the base, Olympian sand for the landmass, a fish tank pump for the river, and a six gear motor connected to a plank for the wave maker.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I tested each jetty in the experiment for thirty minutes. I first took a plank and pushed the sand to the sand starting line, and placed a sheet of tinfoil up to the edge of the sand. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Afterwards, I took a picture of the ending land mass and recorded the amount of sand that fell on the tinfoil. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I found that the high/long jetty caused the least erosion. Next, was the low/long jetty. Third was the high/short jetty, and fourth the low/short jetty. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Last, was no jetty. The longer and higher jetties were able to break down the waves as they came in; taking power away from them, and deflecting the waves further down the shore.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The shorter jetties didn't take as much power away from the waves because they didn't reach far enough out to sea.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
No jetty caused the most erosion because the waves were not blocked by an obstacle and the power was not diverted in any way. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Even though the results showed that the longer jetties will make the least erosion and no jetty will make the most, the results for each jetty were fairly scattered. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
What I found was that the jetty only slightly affected the amount of erosion, but the style of jetty greatly effected were the beach erosion occurred. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The longer jetties made a concave semicircle in the middle of the landmass, and the most erosion occurred further down the beach. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The short jetties and no jetty created more erosion, but steady everywhere. One problem is that since barrier islands are always changing, the results might have been changed if the experiment had been for a longer period of time.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If, for example, I ran the experiment for 24 hours the sand might have circulated back around to the land mass. Also, the results might have varied if there had been a backshore.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-31236939364490916112013-07-31T23:10:00.004+05:302013-07-31T23:10:57.178+05:30The Greenhouse Effect<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My objective is to determine the effect of different gases on the greenhouse effect. I am doing this project because of the strong interest in the effect of gases like CO(2) and CH(4) on global temperature.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Materials:</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Infrared test cell made up of PVC pipe containing a black-body absorber/radiator and closed off with polyethylene film. (Polyethylene was chosen because it is relatively transparent to IR.)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. IR source (heat lamp)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3.Thermocouple for measuring temperature</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. CO(2) gas</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Air</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Procedure:</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Purge test cell with air.</li>
<li>Shine IR source into the cell for a fixed amount of time</li>
<li>Measure temperature rise over time</li>
<li>Purge test cell with CO(2)</li>
<li>Shine IR source into the cell for the same amount of time</li>
<li>Measure temperature rise over time</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results</span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The temperature rise in the cell when filled with CO(2) was slightly higher than when the test cell was filled with air. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After many test runs I determined that there is a greater temperature rise when the test cell is filled with CO(2). That supports the hypothesis that CO(2) enhances the greenhouse effect. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On the other hand, the additional temperature rise in a 100% CO(2) atmosphere is not substantially greater than with ordinary air so it is entirely possible that small increases in CO(2) might have only a small effect on temperature rise in the Earth's atmosphere.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-31405985362624831722013-07-31T23:07:00.004+05:302013-07-31T23:07:56.113+05:30Seeing Through the Haze<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My objective was to find out how light of different wavelengths penetrates smoke. The hypotheses that I tested were that light penetration through smoke is independent of the a) type and b) amount of smoke it passes through. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Two different types of smoke were obtained by burning canola oil and juniper needles.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A beam of white light was passed through the sample of smoke, and the amount of light at different wavelengths transmitted through the smoke was measured with a homemade spectrometer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
An attempt was made to control the amount of smoke (high, medium or low density) per sample. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The two different types of smoke did not have the same pattern of light transmission. At high densities (Approx. 20% light transmitted) canola oil smoke allowed more light of blue wavelengths to pass through. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However at lower densities transmission of reds was equal to blue and yellow and green were less favorable. At high densities, juniper needle smoke had the same pattern as the canola oil sample.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the lowest density of juniper needle smoke red wavelengths were transmitted more than blue reversing the high density trend. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I found that light penetration through smoke is dependent on the type and amount of smoke.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The density dependence is surprising to me, maybe smoke particles interact when they are at high densities producing a different pattern. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I will collect more data on smoke from different materials found in forest fires. This information can be used to help develop climate studies that model absorption of carbon dioxide by plants. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Forest fires are predicted to increase as global climate change progresses. Plants that are starved of certain wavelengths due to the smoke created from forest fires could display stunted growth and lower uptake of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-67590156397979949732013-07-31T23:06:00.000+05:302013-07-31T23:06:21.987+05:30Chill Out<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals</span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To study if distance between warm bodies placed together and then apart affects their cooling rate. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials</span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I studied the cooling rate of one warm body with respect to the cooling rate of two bodies and then three bodies touching the maximum surface area. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Then I studied if placing the warm bodies at a distance from one another would affect their cooling rate and what that affect would be. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Glass bottles of equally warm water were used to simulate the warm body and temperatures of the bottles were taken over time at equal intervals (2-10min.). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">MATERIALS LIST</span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Three glass bottles of exactly the same size and shape; </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Three laboratory thermometers scaled up to 200°F;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Metal Pot; </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Stove Top;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Plastic Wrap; </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# One Timer; </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Measuring cup; </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Grid sheet with intervals of one(1) inch;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Towel; </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# Oven Mitts. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The triple bottles touching retained the most heat over time </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The double bottles touching retained the second amount of heat over time</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The single bottle lost the most heat. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The triple bottles on inch apart retained a little more heat and showed some benefit to staying close without contact for retaining heat.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The 2 bottles touching were almost four percent warmer. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The three bottles touching were almost 5 percent warmer than the one and one percent warmer than the two </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I conclude that my hypothesis </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
#If I place a greater number of warm bodies together, then I believe that they will retain a higher percentage of body heat than a smaller group of bodies# is correct. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The largest amount of warm bodies tested in my experiment stayed the warmest over time. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The single warm body in my experiment lost the most heat </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The warm bodies that were placed next to each other without touching lost the most heat.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Therefore, I conclude that to retain body heat in situations of heat loss, it is beneficial to stay in contact with another warm body. It is more beneficial to stay in contact with more than one warm body. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If this trend is correct, then it would seem to stay warm in heat loss situations, that a higher number of warm bodies would help retain heat better.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-37744957187840682252013-07-29T00:03:00.000+05:302013-07-29T00:03:02.346+05:30Wireless Devices and Plant Growth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I have heard on TV and from other people, that cellphones and wireless for computers are bad for your health and can cause diseases and cancer, and that they are bad for the environment. For my project, I wanted to find out if the kinds of wireless things I have in my house were causing an effect. I decided to test on plants that are growing, because it would be too hard to measure changes in humans.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Background Research</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To find out why people think cell phones and wireless devices are a risk to living things, I read about it on the Internet. I discovered that these devices use radio frequencies which are called RF for short. RF is a type of radiation that has a low frequency and it is part of the electromagnetic field. Many people think that the radiation has a harmful effect on cells of people, plants and animals and can hurt growth and health of cells. There is especially a lot of concern about the wireless devices we use everyday like cellular phones and wireless computers because of how much we use them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Problem</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I had to plan my experiment to have a control group that would have the least amount of RF possible so I could compare the results of the plants growing close to a lot of RF and plants growing with no RF. I also had to learn about what items in my home generate RF.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Hypothesis</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I think the plants growing near strong RF will not grow as much or look as healthy as the other ones. I think they will be shorter and less green.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Materials</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>150 green lentils</li>
<li>3 280 ml plastic containers</li>
<li>1 roll paper towels</li>
<li>1 30ml plastic measuring cup</li>
<li>Audiovox 8615VCM Mobile Phone</li>
<li>Linksys WRT160N Wireless Router</li>
<li>HP Photosmart R827 Digital Camera</li>
<li>Acer laptop computer</li>
<li>notebook and paper</li>
<li>ink pen, pencil and pencil crayons</li>
<li>Computer programs</li>
<li>Paintshop Pro 9</li>
<li>NVU and CUTE HTML Editor</li>
<li>Firefox Web Browser</li>
<li>CUTE FTP</li>
<li>Open Office</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Procedure</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I chose to do my experiment using lentil seeds that were not sprouted because they grow quickly and easily. I did not want to use full grown plants in case the time that they grew before the experiment would change the result. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My experiment lasted 7 days.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Variables</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To make sure everything is the same I counted 50 lentil seeds for each group. I put each group in three identical plastic containers that had the same amount of paper towel under the seeds and on top to keep them moist. I wet the paper towels with the same measured amount of water.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
All three groups were in rooms that had the same lighting and temperature. Every day at the same time I gave each group the same measured amount of water and recorded the progress and took a picture of the lentil sprouts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 1</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 1 all the groups were the same. The lentil seeds looked like they were soaking up water and swelling but nothing was growing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 2</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 2 all the groups were the same. The lentil seeds has a little white dot on the outside edge and many looked like the skin of the seed was coming off. All three groups looked like the seeds were starting to germinate and there were no big differences between the groups.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 3</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 3 groups 1 and 3 are very similar. The skin of the lentils have mostly fallen off and the root that looked like a white dot before is longer and is curling down into the wet paper towel. Some have another sprout that is very small starting to point up. Group 2 has not changed very much from yesterday.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 4</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 4 groups 1 and 3 are very similar. The root is longer and curls down into the wet paper towel. Most now have another sprout starting to point up. Some of the sprouts that point up are green on the tips. Group 2 has not changed very much from yesterday. Group 2 seems to be behind the other two and growing much more slowly. The contained seems more dry and the lentils look more dry too.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 5</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 5 groups 1 and 3 are very similar but group 1 seems to be growing the fastest. The root is longer and thicker in groups 1 and 3. Most lentils in groups 1 and 3 have leaves that are bright green. Group 2 seems to be behind the other two and growing much more slowly and poor. The lentils in group 2 look dry even though the same amount of water is added. The tiny leaves in group 2 look sikly like a paler almost brown green.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 6</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 6 groups 1 and 3 are still very similar but group 1 seems to be growing better. The stalks on the sprouts are thicker and the leaves are bright green and look healthy and strong. The root is longer and thicker in groups 1 and 3 than yesterday. Group 2 is still behind the other two and growing much more slowly and poor. The lentils in group 2 look dry even though the same amount of water is added and they do not look very good.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Observations Day 7</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On day 6 groups 1 and 3 are still very similar but group 1 seems to be growing better. The stalks on the sprouts are thicker and the leaves are bright green and look healthy and strong. The root is longer and thicker in groups 1 and 3 than yesterday. Group 2 is still behind the other two and growing much more slowly and poor. The lentils in group 2 look dry even though the same amount of water is added and they do not look very good.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I thought the control group would grow the most and be the most healthy looking but group 1 the phone group had longer average grown and looked greener and darker. The group that did the worst was the wireless router group 2. Group 2 was also more dry and so I am not sure if it was because of the RF or because of the room it was in was more dry than than the phone group and the control. I would like to try this experiment again maybe and monitor the humudity of the rooms each group are in to remove that Variable. I had expected the control group to do the best but it didn't grow as much as the phone group and that surprised me since the phone had the highest RF output according to the US Federal Communications Commision.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I conclude that my in my experiment the RF did not have a negative effect on plant growth. The mobile phone sprouts did the best even though they were exposed to the highest RF. The poor results for the router sprouts was maybe caused by dryness of the room or maybe heat generated from the router. I would like to try this experiment again with larger groups of sprouts and controlled moisture conditions to compare the results more accurately.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">References</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/rf-faqs.html </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
University of Regina - Faculty of Science Summa Cum Laude</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-67318902884985733212013-07-28T23:55:00.001+05:302013-07-28T23:55:05.500+05:30A Dying Star<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This study was conducted with the primary objective of determining which Solar System object(s) would be most viable during various stages of stellar evolution. Another goal of the research was analyzing the procedure to gauge feasibility in extrasolar planetary research. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The objects selected have evidence pointing toward the surface existence of presently frozen or liquid organic compounds or water [Wong, Rivkin, Morrison].</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Using the Evolve ZAMS software, the raw outputs of solar luminosities were used to calculate equilibrium temperatures on selected objects in the following manner: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The temperature variable in the Stefan-Boltzmann equation was solved given the object's albedo, radius, and semimajor axis length [Zeilik]. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
From this, the ability of the surface substances to be gravitationally bound to the object was determined using statistical analysis of the RMS speed when compared to the escape velocity on the object. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Temperature: Pre-helium flash, Triton will have a temperature of 255K and Enceladus, 203K. Post-helium flash, Io will have a temperature of 304K, Europa, 296K, Ganymede, 339K, and Titan, 272K. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When the sun is a developed asymptotic branch giant (AGB), Triton will have a temperature of 260K, and Enceladus, 208K. Atmospheric composition: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
No gases can exist on Triton or Enceladus prior to the helium flash. Molecular nitrogen, molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide can exist on all the Jovian moons with viable temperatures, and Titan, just after the helium flash. No gases can exist on Triton or Enceladus when the Sun is an AGB star. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This research can be interpreted in a multitude of ways, depending on the needs of humanity in the future.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If water is a priority, Enceladus would be the best option, as its surface composition in the pre-helium flash and AGB stages indicate.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If viable temperatures were of greater importance, Triton would be the better option. Post-helium flash, either Europa or Titan with water on the former and organic compounds on the latter, would be the best options for continued survival.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Secondary objective: as the equilibrium temperature estimates for all the objects at present closely (<10%) approximate the actual temperature, the same method can be extrapolated to other planetary systems. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This has major implications for astrobiology research as the field of potential objects can be narrowed down for more focused study.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-87997920766247676562013-07-28T23:53:00.001+05:302013-07-28T23:53:07.137+05:30The Mathematics of Sympathetic Vibrations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Which notes on a piano can induce sympathetic vibrations on an open string? Mathematical relationships between test note and open string frequencies will be used to predict which notes cause sympathetic vibrations. I predict the three test notes in my sample that are harmonics of the open string will resonate the longest.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Materials used were: a piano, a stopwatch, a frequency chart, and a helper. I depressed a piano key, the damper lifted and the string was "open," or free to vibrate.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I played all the notes in one octave higher than the open string. My helper timed the durations of the tone coming from the open string. I averaged and graphed the results. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The thirteen test keys in each sample caused the open string to resonate. Seven test keys caused brief resonance; the vibration inside the sound box caused the open strings to produce a tone. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Three test keys produced tones of intermediate duration, due to the fact that the frequencies of their harmonics were equal to the frequencies of the open strings' harmonics.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However, as predicted, three test keys with a frequency equal to a harmonic of the open string produced the longest resonance. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>Conclusions/Discussion</b> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As a musician, I think it is important to understand the physics of sound and hearing. After doing the experiment, I understand why performers should hold their open strings closed, why differing pianos produce varied sounds and "color", and why digital pianos cannot mimic the sound of real pianos. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The physics of sympathetic vibration go beyond music. Some scientists believe that "the universe consists solely of waves of motion," or "there exists nothing other than vibrations." </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
An understanding of sympathetic vibrations is a good place to start understanding the physics of the universe, from subatomic particles to the workings of the inner ear to bridge construction to astronomy.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Further experimentation would include testing more keys with different frequencies, especially higher notes. I would like to test keys more than one octave higher than the open string to determine when the sympathetic vibration ceases to be audible. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Because of the mathematics involved in an even-tempered scale, I am curious to know if I would get the same results for every open string. I would also like to broaden my understanding of the mathematics in music to include chords, intervals, progressions</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-74618067385679302622013-07-28T23:51:00.001+05:302013-07-28T23:51:26.115+05:30Metal's Thermal Conductivity to Melt Ice Cubes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The purpose of my science project was to see if the density of different metals has a correlation with their thermal conductivity. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To test my experiment, I constructed 18-1 cm^3 cubes of various metals (aluminum, brass, copper, steel, and zinc) into blocks measuring 3x3x2 cm^3. I weighed each block to determine the density of each metal. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After the density of each metal was determined, I marked the surface of each block black to equalize possible radiation due to their naturally occurring color differences. I then placed an ice cube onto each block and timed how long it took the ice cube to melt completely. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I performed this test eight times for each metal at this volume, also with blocks measuring 4x4x1 cm^3 and 5x4x1 cm^3. A control variable for each test was used by constructing blocks of wood with the same dimensions. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The results of my experiment determined that the density for each metal remained consistent for differing volumes and masses. Of the metals tested, copper has the greatest density followed by brass, steel, zinc, and aluminum. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The results for the time to melt ice of the 3x3x2 cm^3 blocks were copper, brass, zinc, aluminum, and then steel. The results for the time to melt ice of the 4x4x1 cm^3 blocks were zinc, brass, copper, aluminum, and then steel. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the 5x4x1 cm^3 blocks, the results were copper, brass, zinc, steel, and then aluminum. The results for the overall average for the metals' thermal conductivity were that copper melted the ice the fastest followed by zinc, brass, aluminum, and steel. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I thought that there would be no correlation between the density and thermal conductivity of the metals tested and that copper would melt the ice the fastest followed by aluminum, zinc, brass, and steel. My hypothesis was partially correct. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The time it took the ice to melt did not follow the order of densities; however, it did not follow the order of researched thermal conductivities either.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Additional testing and further calculations in specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity are needed to better understand the results. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In addition, further investigation is needed into water's reaction with different metals causing differences in surface tension strong enough to allow the ice to float before the water drains from the metal blocks</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-37876624254584685382013-07-28T23:49:00.001+05:302013-07-28T23:49:20.665+05:30Ruben's Tube<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If the smaller the holes on top of the tube would it differ from the size of the flames and the volume? If I drilled the holes 1/2inch from each other, then how about if I do it in a differ measurement will it change any part of the experiment? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If I use a smaller tank of propane verses a bigger tank of propane will it make a difference to the size of flame that will be emitted from the tube? What if I want to measure the wavelengths of the soundwaves is it possible to measure it with the use of an algebraic equation to figure out the solution? </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ventilation Ducting Brackets x2 Propane Tubing Hose T Connector Hose Splicers x2 Latex Sheets Scrap Wood Drill Hammer Tape Measure Knife or Scissors Silicone Sealant Epoxy Putty Duct Tape Masking Tape Teflon Tape</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1 The smaller the hole the less gas escapes the tube but there's more pressure inside the tube thus the emitted flame is more defined.The bigger the hole more gas is being let out so there's lesser pressure and less defined flame. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2 Spacing the holes 1/2inch apart made the flames more well defined and uniform than using hole 1/4 inch apart. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3 I made another replica of another Ruben's Tube and had a smaller tank of propane it showed that there wasn't enough gas transmitting into the tube, making the flames not go any higher then 1/2inch thus a smaller tank of propane couldn't be more effective than a regular size tank.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4 The speed of sound is about 340 meters per second at sea level. Sound is a vibration so it would be measured by hertz (Hz) -the SI unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The frequency(f)=to the speed (v) of the wave then dividing it by the wavelength (lambda) of the wave(Frequency is = speed/wavelength f=v/lambda) Now to find the wavelength I multiplied by lambda and divided it by (f) to get- Lambda= v/f </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To test this I used an example of 360 hertz and used the rough speed of sound as(v) Ex)lambda=340(m/s)/360 hertz. It gave me the value for lambda as 0.94meters</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-84910008851579634622013-07-28T23:47:00.001+05:302013-07-28T23:47:17.349+05:30Seeing Through the Haze<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals</span> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My objective was to find out how light of different wavelengths penetrates smoke. The hypotheses that I tested were that light penetration through smoke is independent of the a) type and b) amount of smoke it passes through. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Two different types of smoke were obtained by burning canola oil and juniper needles. A beam of white light was passed through the sample of smoke, and the amount of light at different wavelengths transmitted through the smoke was measured with a homemade spectrometer. An attempt was made to control the amount of smoke (high, medium or low density) per sample. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The two different types of smoke did not have the same pattern of light transmission. At high densities (Approx. 20% light transmitted) canola oil smoke allowed more light of blue wavelengths to pass through. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However at lower densities transmission of reds was equal to blue and yellow and green were less favorable. At high densities, juniper needle smoke had the same pattern as the canola oil sample. At the lowest density of juniper needle smoke red wavelengths were transmitted more than blue reversing the high density trend. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I found that light penetration through smoke is dependent on the type and amount of smoke. The density dependence is surprising to me, maybe smoke particles interact when they are at high densities producing a different pattern. I will collect more data on smoke from different materials found in forest fires. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This information can be used to help develop climate studies that model absorption of carbon dioxide by plants. Forest fires are predicted to increase as global climate change progresses. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Plants that are starved of certain wavelengths due to the smoke created from forest fires could display stunted growth and lower uptake of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-58360244296020189352013-07-28T23:45:00.002+05:302013-07-28T23:45:53.173+05:30Chill Out<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To study if distance between warm bodies placed together and then apart affects their cooling rate. Methods/Materials I studied the cooling rate of one warm body with respect to the cooling rate of two bodies and then three bodies touching the maximum surface area. Then I studied if placing the warm bodies at a distance from one another would affect their cooling rate and what that affect would be. Glass bottles of equally warm water were used to simulate the warm body and temperatures of the bottles were taken over time at equal intervals (2-10min.).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"> MATERIALS LIST </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Three glass bottles of exactly the same size and shape;</li>
<li>Three laboratory thermometers scaled up to 200°F; </li>
<li>Metal Pot; </li>
<li>Stove Top; </li>
<li>Plastic Wrap; </li>
<li>One Timer; </li>
<li>Measuring cup; </li>
<li>Grid sheet with intervals of one(1) inch; </li>
<li>Towel; </li>
<li>Oven Mitts. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Results </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The triple bottles touching retained the most heat over time </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The double bottles touching retained the second amount of heat over time </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The single bottle lost the most heat. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The triple bottles on inch apart retained a little more heat and showed some benefit to staying close without contact for retaining heat. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The 2 bottles touching were almost four percent warmer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
# The three bottles touching were almost 5 percent warmer than the one and one percent warmer than the two </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I conclude that my hypothesis If I place a greater number of warm bodies together, then I believe that they will retain a higher percentage of body heat than a smaller group of bodies is correct. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The largest amount of warm bodies tested in my experiment stayed the warmest over time. The single warm body in my experiment lost the most heat. The warm bodies that were placed next to each other without touching lost the most heat. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Therefore, I conclude that to retain body heat in situations of heat loss, it is beneficial to stay in contact with another warm body. It is more beneficial to stay in contact with more than one warm body. If this trend is correct, then it would seem to stay warm in heat loss situations, that a higher number of warm bodies would help retain heat better.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-17995966710377068972013-07-27T23:39:00.002+05:302013-07-27T23:39:57.240+05:30The CD Balloon Hovercraft<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Purpose</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
My purpose is to see how far a CD balloon hovercraft will go
with a push, compared to a push with air under the hovercraft sustaining it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Hypothesis</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
I think that a hovercraft with air sustaining it will go
farther with a push rather than pushing a hovercraft with no air sustaining it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Apparatus</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">balloon</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">CD</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">strong glue</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">pop-top </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">lidruler</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Method</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) Put the balloon over the pop-top lid. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Open the pop-top lid and blow through it, blowing up the
balloon, then closing it. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3) Put some strong
glue (I used a glue gun) around the bottom rim of the pop-top lid and glue it
to the center of the CD, cover the hole. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4) Push opens the pop-top lid, and the hovercraft glide!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Observations</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) I placed the hovercraft on a level table and gave it a
slight push. The distance was 40 cm.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) I pushed the hovercraft again, this time with air
sustaing the hovercraft. The distance was 77 cm.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
My hypothesis was right. The layer of air between the CD and
the tabletop greatly reduces the amount of friction between the two surfaces. So
the CD hovercraft can glide across the tabletop easily and further with the same amount of force in a
push.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: purple;">Project
Done By Samuel Wang</span></span></b></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-89175838427513755102013-07-27T23:29:00.003+05:302013-07-27T23:30:44.361+05:30Lick Your Wounds Away<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
There are two types of wounds: closed wounds and open
wounds. A closed wound is a wound that happens under the skin and may cause
internal bleeding. An open wound is a wound where the skin is broken and
foreign material can get into the wound. A wound such as this can be a scratch
or a cut. An open wound can get infected where as a closed wound cannot. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
When the skin is broken an open wound is formed. Wounds can
sometimes get infected and the infection can get serious if not treated properly.
Infections may result in death. Normally, the skin acts like a barrier and will
keep bacteria, viruses, and germs from getting into your body. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
When bacteria enters the body through an open wound, they
will start multiplying quickly. A person can get infected as long as the wound
stays open. When a wound occurs, a blood clot will develop. The blood clot will
then form a scab which will eventually come off once the skin is repaired. This
will stop any further bacteria from entering the body. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As you know, disinfectants are used to remove and kill
foreign material and bacteria. Bandages are then used to prevent any more
bacteria from entering the body. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dogs use there saliva to clean open wounds. In my
experiment, I am going to see if dog saliva will also disinfect a wound.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Purpose</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The purpose of my project is to determine if dog saliva has better
healing properties than using popular products like regular bandages and
Betadine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Hypothesis</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
I think using dog saliva will have better healing properties
than using regular bandages or Betadine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: purple;">Apparatus</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li> A dog and leash</li>
<li> Labels and a black
marker</li>
<li> Petri dishes</li>
<li> Cotton sterile swab
and tweezers</li>
<li> Tryptic soy agar</li>
<li> Ecoli bacillus
subtillus bacterial culture</li>
<li> Regular bandages</li>
<li> Betadine</li>
<li> Camera</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Method</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Preparing The Petri Dishes</b></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li>Label the petri dishes:</li>
<li>Control</li>
<li>Bandage</li>
<li>Betadine</li>
<li>Dog Saliva</li>
<li>On the outside of each petri dish, mark a 1x1 inch square
area on the bottom of each dish.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Grow the bacteria in the petri dishes which have agar. For
each dish, spread the bacteria mixture over the marked area with a sterile
cotton swab.</li>
<li> Place all dishes in a warm but not hot location. Let the
bacteria grow for two days.</li>
<li> Check all petri dishes to see if bacteria is growing. Then,
take a photograph of each dish.</li>
<li> Check each petri dish and record observations.</li>
<li> Collect dog saliva using a sterile cotton swab. Swab its
teeth and gums for 15 seconds.</li>
<li> For the dog saliva dish, take the swab with dog saliva and
rub it onto the marked area.</li>
<li> For the bandage dish, place a regular bandage over the
marked area.</li>
<li> For the Betadine dish, place Betadine over the marked area.</li>
<li> Keep one dish aside. This will be our control dish.</li>
<li> Cover all dishes with lids and place in a shady location,
about room temperature.</li>
<li> After the Solution is Applied:</li>
<li> Each day, observe and record changes in the bacteria. For
each dish, observe and record changes in the marked area.</li>
<li> After recording data, take a photograph of each dish.</li>
<li> Observe and record changes in the bacteria for five
consecutive days.</li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Conclusion</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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My hypothesis was partially correct. For each marked area
the dog saliva did kill more bacteria than a regular bandage. However, the
product Betadine killed about 35% of bacteria where as the dog saliva killed
about 25% of the bacteria. Therefore, betadine killed more bacteria than dog
saliva.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I learned if you have a cut or scratch, I would not
recommend placing a bandage over the wound. in my experiment, I noticed that
more bacteria grew on the bandage petri dish than any other dish. Therefore,
you should always put Betadine first than a bandage over the your wound.</div>
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In addition, I learned that the best product to kill the
most bacteria would be Betadine. However, Dog saliva could be a good substitute
to clean a wound. .</div>
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To improve on my project next year, I would like to find out
if the age of the dog or the type of breed would make a difference in the
amount of bacteria killed.</div>
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Overall, I think the best and easiest method to clean a
wound would be to use Betadine.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-16899720814498406402013-07-27T23:22:00.002+05:302013-07-27T23:22:31.350+05:30The Metronome of a Chemical Reaction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Objectives/Goals </span></b></div>
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The objective of this project was to test the effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction. I thought that reaction rates would increase with increasing temperature.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
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Sodium Thiosulfate, Potassium Iodide, Potassium Bromate, Hydrochloric Acid, distilled water, and 2-3 drops of soluble starch were mixed to start the chemical reaction. </div>
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When the reaction reached a certain point, the solution would turn blue.</div>
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To compare the speed of the reaction at different temperatures, the time taken to reach the color change was measured with a stopwatch (in seconds). </div>
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All of the reactants were cooled or heated to the appropriate temperature before they were mixed to ensure accuracy. </div>
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The experiment was conducted at three temperatures: room temperature (19.5 degrees Celsius), in an ice bath (4.5 degrees Celsius), and in a heat bath (30.5 degrees Celsius). </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Results </span></b></div>
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The results of the experiment showed a distinct relationship between temperature and the rate of a chemical reaction. There was at least a 20-30 second difference between the averages of times at each temperature. Times recorded at the higher temperatures were significanty lower (faster rates) than those recorded at lower temperatures. </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
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The results proved my hypothesis correct. I thought that the rate of a chemical reaction would increase with increasing temperature, and this is what my results demonstrated. This occured because as temperature increases, so does the speed of the consantly moving molecules. This is associated with an increase in their kinetic energy, therefore leading to an increase in the energy of their collisions. A higher percentage of these collisions then have the minimum amount of energy needed to break chemical bonds, thus initiating the reaction and increasing it's speed.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-26713557375684845242013-07-27T23:19:00.001+05:302013-07-27T23:19:15.096+05:30The Magic of Metal Corrosion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Analyze the corrosive behavior between metal fully submerged in liquid versus metal partially submerged and determine whether corrosion reacts similarly when using three types of liquid: An acetic acid, a sodium bicarbonate solution, and salt water. I hypothesized that metals fully submerged will have more corrosion and that the metals will react similarly when tested in different liquid solutions, whether partially or fully submerged. </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Methods/Materials </span></b></div>
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Six-inch strips of aluminum, brass, copper, and iron were cut into two-inch pieces and placed in three different types of liquid: An acetic acid consisting of one cup of full strength white vinegar; a sodium bicarbonate solution consisting of two teaspoons of baking soda dissolved in one cup of distilled water; and salt water produced by dissolving one cup of distilled water with 8 grams of sea salt. Each strip was divided into a 3x5mm hand drawn grid to track and measure the rate of corrosion. Two sets of twelve 18-ounce cups were filled with one cup of solution and labeled. One metal strip was suspended from the top of each cup and submerged; 12 fully and 12 half way. Photographs were taken regularly and observations were logged every two days for 35 days.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;"> Results</span></b></div>
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The fully submerged samples showed corrosion on 100% of the surface area. The brass and copper were completely covered with tarnish caused by the sodium bicarbonate. The iron sample in sodium bicarbonate showed no reaction, and the aluminum sample in vinegar had minimal corrosion. The partially submerged samples had over 65% surface corrosion on all samples except for iron in sodium bicarbonate, which had no reaction. The brass and iron in vinegar were completely corroded above the water line and displayed different chemical reactions than those fully submerged. The results also showed that the partial samples rusted faster, however the parts above the water line rusted more slowly. </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
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The hypothesis stated that metals, when fully submerged in liquid, will have more corrosion than those partially submerged. While the hypothesis proved to be true, the metal strips that were partially submerged did corrode faster and their corrosion surface area averaged 65.6%, except for the iron submerged in sodium bicarbonate. While the hypothesis was supported, the partially submerged metals proved to have interesting and in some cases magical results.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-59303947921728321232013-07-27T23:18:00.000+05:302013-07-27T23:18:00.699+05:30Agent Sodium Chloride Strikes Again<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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This project focuses on manipulating the electrical conductivity of different solutions via electrolysis. There were three types of water tested: hard, soft, and R.O.(water purified through reverse osmosis). After testing these three types of water, I added approximately 58.443 grams of sodium chloride to each in hopes of increasing their electrical conductivity. My hypothesis was that if I sent an electric current through the previously mentioned solutions, then soft water with sodium chloride added would produce the most hydrogen and oxygen/chlorine gas. </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
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To set up this experiment, I plugged the beaker with the rubber plugs with pencils inserted, propped the beaker on three wood blocks, and filled it with one liter of water. If I was running a test with sodium chloride, I would measure out 58.443 grams of it (to create a 1 mole solution) and mix it with the water in a separate bowl, then pour the solution into the beaker. Next, I connected a volt meter between the nine-volt battery and the electrodes in order to measure the amount of current flowing through the circuit. Next, I set the timer for one hour and connected the clips to the tips of the pencils that were protruding from the bottom of the beaker. For the sodium chloride tests, however, I was only able to run each test for fifteen minutes because each test tube had filled half-way with gas at that mark, so they would have overflowed by the time even a half-hour had passed. I took the results from those tests and multiplied them by four in order to figure how much gas would have been produced in an hour. I cleaned the beakers out and changed out the electrodes after each test. </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Results </span></b></div>
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As for my results, hard water with sodium chloride added produced the most hydrogen and chlorine gas of all of the solutions, followed by soft water with sodium chloride added, then R.O. water with sodium chloride added, plain soft water, plain hard water, and finally, plain R.O. water with the least amount of gases produced. </div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Conclusions/Discussion </span></b></div>
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Hard water with sodium chloride added produced more hydrogen and chlorine gas than soft water with sodium chloride added because though soft water contains a high concentration of sodium; it lacks the metals and minerals that hard water contain This may have affected the level of conductivity because hard water has both minerals and sodium for conductivity while soft water has just sodium.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-769723346310442539.post-70620487549296544882013-07-27T23:16:00.000+05:302013-07-27T23:16:04.484+05:30Steel and Acid Rain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Objectives/Goals</span></b></div>
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We in 8th grade have just started studying acids and pH. I wanted to utilize my limited after-school time to do experiments involving acids and learn practical aspects of effect of acid in daily living. During my research, I came to know that acid rain has an enormous economic impact due to its effect on rusting of metals. The purpose of my science project was to use simple, inexpensive and non-hazardous household materials to study the relationship between acid and rust formation. </div>
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My Hypothesis were: </div>
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1) Model of acid rain water will rust steel wool faster than model of normal rainwater. </div>
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2) The temperature will rise when steel wool is in contact with the acids due to the oxidation reaction.</div>
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3) The rise in temperature will be higher when steel wool is subjected to more acidic rainwater as higher H+ ion availability will likely speed up the iron oxidation process and hence the rate of rusting. Independent variables were Time & pH; Dependent variables were Temperature, Mass & Length of rust formation.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Methods/Materials</span></b></div>
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I used lemon juice, vinegar and distilled water exposed to air as models for rainwater (acidic and normal rainwater) and used finest quality steel wool.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Results</span></b></div>
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There was a rise in temperature, it occurred faster in acid rainwater models compared to normal rainwater model and was maximal at 2 min. for each acid. Both the rate of rise of temperature and the steady state temperature was highest for vinegar, an unexpected finding as it is less acidic than lemon juice (pH 3.09 vs. 2.60 respectively). The greatest temperature difference between ending and starting temperatures was also highest in Vinegar rainwater model. The mass of steel wool changed when measured 15 min after it was exposed to more acidic rainwater models (vinegar and lemon juice), but did not change with distilled water. Rust formation on steel wool was also greatest for vinegar model.</div>
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<b><span style="color: purple;">Conclusions/Discussion</span></b></div>
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The results showed that the model of acid rainwater did cause rust formation, while model of normal rainwater did not. I observed a rapid rate of rise in temperature, a higher steady state temperature, a heavier mass and most rust formation with acid rainwater model (vinegar). The normal rainwater model (distilled water exposed to air) did not cause change in mass or rust formation. The more acidic liquid (lemon) did not cause more rapid rate of rise in temperature, so my 3rd hypothesis proved to be not true.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0